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Glossary
Note: Within a definition, words in italics are defined elsewhere in the glossary. Words beginning with * were coined or brought into the language of voice disorders by Dr. Bastian, or to our knowledge are used primarily by BVI physicians and Bastian-trained fellows. Please note that we may be adding terms to this list from time to time. Copyright © 2008 Bastian Voice Institute.
*Macro-phenomenology
of voice: In the navigational analogy for the
diagnostic process that we
use at BVI [Philip, internal link: see integrative diagnostic
model / method], includes things like the trajectory of the
sun; the North Star; and the magnetic compass – i.e.,
particular vocal macrophenomenologies might include things
like: audible airwasting,
a three-second maximum phonation time,
positive swelling tests,
and latency of response.
Elicited macrophenomenologies of the voice such as these,
taken together, orient the examiner to a specific diagnosis.
See also elicitation.
Maximum phonation
time (MPT): MPT is the maximum time an individual
can sustain a sung tone, after having filled the lungs maximally.
In the literature, it is often reported as having been measured
on the vowel / i / (eee) at spontaneous, comfortable pitch
and loudness. MPT may vary markedly with pitch, vowel, effort,
register, and so forth. Furthermore, MPT may differ dramatically
among individuals all of whose larynges are otherwise considered
normal. Hence MPT is a useful measure primarily when it is
very abnormal (less than seven seconds), and also when production
constraints are more specific than “comfortable pitch
and loudness.” At BVI, we routinely measure MPT at average/anchor
frequency during spontaneous speech.
Medialization laryngoplasty:
Refers to a surgical procedure to push a paralyzed, atrophied,
or scarred vocal fold toward the other vocal fold and reduce
flaccidity. Typically performed under sedation and local
(not general) anesthesia,
on an outpatient basis.
Microlaryngoscopy:
An endoscopic procedure focused
upon the larynx, performed under general
anesthesia. A hollow lighted tube rests on the upper
teeth and the base of the tongue and allows visualization
of the vocal folds. An operating microscope is used to brightly
illuminate and highly magnify the vocal folds. Then, tiny
instruments and/or a laser
are used to remove the abnormality from the vocal fold(s).
*Micro-phenomenology
of voice: In the navigational analogy for the
diagnostic process that we
use at BVI (see
integrative diagnostic model/method), includes such things
as plankton counts in the water surrounding the boat; measurement
of ocean temperature; and trace magnesium level of the water
– i.e., particular vocal microphenomenologies may include
such things as jitter, shimmer,
EGG measurements, transglottal
airflow rate, and so forth. Microphenomenologies such as these,
even when taken together, tend to be non-specific and therefore
may suggest a long list of possible diagnoses.
Mitomycin C:
A medication that can help to reduce a scarring response in
the larynx . BVI physicians typically use Mitomycin C topically,
e.g., after lysis of glottic web;
to prevent granulation response,
as after transverse cordotomy.
Mitomycin C is more commonly used as a cancer
chemotherapy agent outside the field of laryngology.
Modeling (during vocal
capability and limitation assessment): This term
is used to indicate the process of clinician production of
a sound that the patient is then asked to imitate or attempt
to imitate. Not unlike “call and response” in
some kinds of vocal music. The response is then judged to
answer the examiner’s inner questions: “What does
this voice do that it shouldn’t and what can’t
it do that it should be able to do?” Modeling is performed
by the clinician to elicit the voice’s phenomenology.
See elicitation.
Mucosa:
The mucous membranes (or mucosa) are to our interior as skin
is to our exterior. Mucosa covers or lines various body cavities
and internal organs. In laryngology the mucosa of the vocal
folds is the point of main susceptibility to vibration-induced
traumatic abnormalities such as nodules,
polyps, capillary ectasia,
and so forth. Mucosa also lines the nose, mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, and tracheobronchial tree.
Mucosal bridge:
In the family of disorders such as epidermoid
cyst and glottic sulcus.
Imagine a cyst that opens in two places, spilling its contents
completely. The result is a narrow bridge of mucosa
attached anteriorly and posteriorly.
Mucus retention cyst:
A subtype of cyst that affects the vocal fold and that is
typically unrelated to overuse of the voice. This type of
cyst occurs when one of hundreds of mucus glands found just
below the free margin of the vocal fold becomes obstructed,
causing retention of mucus that would otherwise be secreted
to bathe and lubricate the vocal folds. A mucus retention
cyst is most often unilateral, and visible through its deformation
of the free margin of the fold. It may have a yellowish color.
See, for comparison, epidermoid cyst.
Multi-modality treatment:
Therapy that combines more than one method of treatment.
Muscular tension dysphonia (MTD):
A condition seen most often in young women. The term was coined
by Morrison and Rammage at the University of British Columbia
to describe a syndrome of excess tension in the paralaryngeal
and suprahyoid muscles, an open posterior glottic chink, high
larynx position in the neck, and frequently mucosal changes
on the vocal cords. These mucosal changes are usually fleshy
vocal nodules.
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